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The
Persistence of Poetry
In
an era of sound bites and instant communication, a hard-core group
of faculty and students still subscribes to the close reading of
great verse as a way to help fathom the world around them.
March
2000
by Peter Hawes
Peter
Hawes has written for the Yale Alumni Magazine on the composers Charles Ives, Paul
Hindemith, and the Theater Studies program.
White-bearded
and clad in faded jeans, a brown turtleneck, and a tweed jacket,
John Hollander twirls his bifocals in one hand and uses the other
to fan the air with understated exuberance. Deep in discourse, he doesn't see that the papers piled atop his
desk are about to glide to the floor -- again. With a student's
help, he shuffles them back to their perch and goes on.
"What
I have from you here," Hollander says, preparing to return
marked-up homework to the 20-odd students in his verse-writing class,
"is essentially prose narrative broken up into lines. That's
not what narrative verse is." He then embarks on a two-hour
monologue that ranges from the sequentiality of storytelling to
theatrical blocking and narrative plot, verbal and physical paradox,
joke-writing, mathematics, and metaphor. Along the way, Hollander
and his students pick apart excerpts of poems by John Donne, Ben
Jonson, William Blake, J.V. Cunningham, Wallace Stevens, and James
Merrill.
"It's
a vulgarization to say that intellect gets in the way of the aesthetic experience,"declares Hollander, who has been teaching the subject
at Yale as atenured professor
since 1977. "It's just the other way around." To support
his point in another medium, Hollander invokes his own affection
for a particular Mozart string quartet. "When I came to learn
more -- first about Mozart, then about string quartets, then Mozart
string quartets, and finally this quartet -- I got a better sense
of what the music was doing to me and why. It didn't diminish the
wonder one bit."
Hollander's
faith in the value of such intense scrutiny is shared by a dedicated
circle at Yale that includes the likes of Langdon Hammer, who is
director of undergraduate studies in English, and J. D. McClatchy, editor of the Yale Review and a prolific practicing poet, among
others. Their efforts to maintain some traditional rigor in the
subject come at a time of what may seem to some to be a surprising
surge in public interest in poetry. The sale of poetry books has
increased steadily since the mid-1990s, as has the number of new
poetry magazines. Poetry-writing courses are offered in adult-education
programs and at New Age retreat centers. It's the rare American
coffeehouse that doesn't have poetry readings or "slams" -- public gatherings that encourage emotional outpourings in various
types of verse. There's a house poet on MTV, and a handful of poets
are even finding day jobs as team-building consultants for corporations.
But popularity
does not necessarily mean high quality, and Yale's faithful are
sticking to a disciplined approach to poetry as high art. Says Hollander,
a Sterling Professor of English
who is also one of the nation's leading critical readers of poetry
and an accomplished poet himself: "The idea of some 28th-rate
writer letting students do anything they want and saying, 'I like
this about that,' makes serious poets and teachers cringe."
Indeed,
Yale still stresses the careful analysis of poetry and focuses on
a simple tenet in teaching it: To be a great writer, one has to
be a great reader. By disciplining one's self to learn the traditions,
study the greats, understand the form, dive deeply into the craft,
and know as much as possible about, say, language and history, one
can expect to have a richer experience of poetry -- and perhaps
of the rest of the world.
Even
in the e-mail age, this view still makes converts among undergraduates.
Oana Marian, a sophomore who was born in Romania but grew up near
Waterbury, Connecticut, says that studying and writing poetry is
helping her shape communication more precisely in all areas of her
life. "Since I got to Yale I've been a little less sure about
my speaking," she says. "I suddenly realize I often didn't
know what I really was saying when I said something. Studying poetry
teaches you to concentrate on every word. It makes you more conscious
of what you're saying."
Other
students echo Marian's view, saying that the way they've been taught
to read, analyze, and write about poems in the classroom has helped
them with such real-world demands as constructing an argument or
developing persuasive ways of writing.
In his
role as both teacher and director of undergraduate studies in English,
Langdon Hammer has had plenty of time to assess the impact of the
traditional study of poetry on a high-speed generation that is often
highly pre-professional in its orientation. "One of the things
to be said about poetry," Hammer says, "is that it is
valuable precisely because it resists being reduced to the criterion
of usefulness, which governs the economy. You can be concerned,
in and through poetry, with things that most of us don't get concerned
with in our jobs. You can consider, reflect on, and enjoy non-useful
uses of language; you can take time to think and feel, and to think
and feel at the same time."
Those
sentiments are not limited to the academic world. Karl Kirchwey
'79, who for 15 years has run the Unterberg Poetry Center at New
York City's 92nd Street. YMCA/YWCA, goes a step further. "Poetry
uncovers resources in the language that the language never knew
it had," he says. Kirchwey cites Hollander's verse-writing
class as "the single most important thing that steered me on
the path to being a poet. Listening to him talk about poetry inspired
me and taught me how huge a calling this was." Kirchwey has
published three collections of poetry and often visits Yale to read
his work.
So do
a host of other professionals. Recent readers include Seamus Heaney,
John Ashbery, Gary Snyder, and Charles Wright. In one week alone
last fall, students could attend a reading by Whitman Prize winner
Jan Heller Levi in the master's house at Ezra Stiles College, a
reading (in Italian) by six Italian poets in the Beinecke Rare Book
and Manuscript Library, and a reading of Hebrew and Arabic love
poetry in the Jonathan Edwards College common room.
Such
professional visits augment what remains a powerful selection of
academic courses for undergraduates. A total of 21 classes in poetry
were offered by the English department last fall, among them three
writing courses. One of the offerings is the only course required
of every English major, the durable English 125, "Major English
Poets." Some 200 students a semester consume this intense dose
of Chaucer, Spenser, Donne, Milton, Pope, Wordsworth, and Keats.
If there is anything in common among the hundreds of students who
for at least three decades have graduated from Yale with a degree
in English, it's that they all probably can still recite the first
18 lines of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
Other
poetry courses within the English department include in-depth studies
of Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Stevens, Dickinson, Eliot,
renaissance poetry, lyric poetry, and romantic poetry. These are
taught by faculty members who in many cases are highly regarded
not only as scholars, but also as writers. "This is one of
the few places I know where the craft of poetry and the study of
it aren't divorced," says Isaac Cates, who is working on a
doctoral thesis about nature poetry. "The same people who are
teaching you Spenser or Keats or Stevens teach you how poetry is
written. You can learn a lot from Hart Crane or Robert Frost by
working with the professors here."
This
link between study and practice is no accident. Says Hollander:
"Yale has been avant-garde in the past 20 years in tying the
teaching of writing to the study of literature. How many people
who take an advanced class in poetry will become poets? Not many.
How many will end up much more sophisticated readers because of
it? All of them. If you can look at a short poem and write about
what is there, it's an introduction not only to literature but to
how to read something closely and carefully, no matter what it is."
Hollander
and Hammer, as well as Harold Bloom, author of the recent Shakespeare:
The Invention of the Human, among other books, are part of a scholarly
tradition that goes back at least three generations at Yale and
includes some of the most enduring names in the discipline. The
Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, author, and critic Robert Penn Warren
taught for 18 years in two stints at Yale between 1950 and 1973.
With Cleanth Brooks, Warren helped establish the New Criticism,
which in its dedication to textual analysis has long been the standard
way that American schools teach students to approach literature.
Some
people at Yale, most vocal among them Paolo Valesio, chair of the
Italian department, are calling for the establishment of a Yale
international poetry center that would bring together the University's
resources in the field, boosting Yale's capabilities and reputation
in the scholarship and writing of poetry. For now, though, they'll
have to settle for incremental changes. Not the least of them is
the opportunity for students of English this year to pursue a creative
writing track, which can be done in poetry.
The academic
offerings in poetry extend well beyond the English department, though.
Classes in the subject are offered in the departments of French,
Classics, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, German, East Asian Languages
and Literatures, and Near East Languages and Civilizations. A student
can survey the major Greek classics, contemplate gender in the Chinese
poetic tradition, or explore the complexities of the Maghreb poetry
of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
There
are also opportunities for students to read their own works, on
and off campus. Kamran Javadizadeh '99, whose paper on the poet
Elizabeth Bishop won last year's Wrexham Prize for the best senior essay in the humanities, recently read his poetry at a State Street
bookstore.
Further
bolstering the poetry climate at Yale are publications such as the Yale Literary Magazine, the venerable undergraduate journal
to which aspiring Yale poets can submit their work for publication,
and, at the professional level, the Yale Review. The Review is edited by J.D. McClatchy, who has written or edited more than
20 books of or about poetry. McClatchy also teaches a spring-semester
poetry class at Yale and is the editor of an audiocassette series
called The Voice of the Poet. The series, published by Random
House, packages recordings of major poets reading their work with
a booklet that contains the text of the poems and an analysis by
McClatchy. In observance of Yale's Tercentennial, McClatchy is also
compiling Bright Pages, an anthology of Yale writers from
1701 to 2001; many of those included will be poets.
Meanwhile, every year since 1919 Yale University Press has sponsored an annual
contest called the Yale Series of Younger Poets, in which it publishes
promising writers' first collections of poetry. The contest is open
to any writer under 40 whose work has never been published in book
form. In a process that has been called "strip-mining for gems,"
Yale students help the Press and its sponsoring editor, Nick Raposo,
cull through as many as 700 manuscripts a year. These are whittled
down to about 20, which are then sent to a well-known poet acting
as judge. Among the writers "discovered" through the series
are W. S. Merwin (the current Yale Younger Poets judge), George
Bradley, Muriel Rukeyser, Ashbery, Hollander, former U.S. Poet Laureate
Robert Hass, Carolyn Forche, and Adrienne Rich. The last Yale graduate
to win was Craig Arnold '89, who took the prize in 1998.
Two other
important resources in Yale's poetry environment are the Beinecke
Rare Book and Manuscript Library and the Historical Sound Recordings
Collection. Among the most treasured holdings of the sound archive
are two cylinder recordings of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, reading "The
Charge of the Light Brigade," and a recording from 1888 of
Robert Browning reading "How They Brought the Good News from
Ghent to Aix." The Beinecke also holds major collections of
the papers of Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Stephen Vincent Benet,
Hilda Doolittle, Barbara Guest, and Langston Hughes, as well as
many of his contemporaries in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s
and 1930s.
Whether
or not Yale undergraduates ever pen a line of verse after graduation,
the institutional culture that supports those with an interest in
the subject seems likely to have an enduring impact. Greg Tigani
'00, who is fulfilling all of his requirements for an English major
with poetry classes but who has no intention of ever writing or
teaching the subject, likes the way the form injects an artistic
sensibility into even the most mundane aspects of life. "Poetry
brings you a sense of beauty and a sense of significance,"
argues Tigani, an editor of the Yale Lit. "You read it, you
hear it, you ponder it. It's a different way of thinking that's
removed from the everyday world. The way I read a poem is the way
I look at the corner of a building on my way to work and see how
it's hit by a certain kind of light. I take time to wonder what
it means -- and what it means that I even noticed."  |
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